Effects of moringa biofertilizer supplementary extract (MBSE) on growth performance, haematological indices, and serum biochemistry of West African Dwarf goats: a randomized controlled trial

Abstract

The high animal protein demand in the world and a growing number of regulations against synthetic growth promoters have resulted in a surge of interest in plant protein-based phytogenic feed additives used in small-ruminant production. The effects of Moringa biofertilizer supplementary extract (MBSE), a standardized aqueous-ethanolic Moringa oleifera leaf extract, on growth performance, haematological indices and serum biochemistry were investigated in this randomized controlled trial in West African Dwarf (WAD) goats. The 120 male WAD goats were randomly divided into three groups of 40 goats each and fed 0 (control, T0), 150 (T1), or 300 (T2) mg/kg body weight MBSE daily for 12 weeks. Body weight, average daily gain, dry matter intake and feed conversion ratio were measured, and blood samples were collected at weeks 0, 6 and 12 for analysis. Supplementation with MBSE produced dose-dependent significant improvements in live body weight, ADG and FCR compared with the control (p < 0.001). Haematological parameters, including packed cell volume, haemoglobin and red blood cell count, increased significantly in supplemented groups, with no changes in erythrocyte morphology. Supplementation also increased serum total protein and albumin while decreasing alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, cholesterol and triglycerides, indicating hepatoprotective and lipid-metabolic benefits. Renal safety was confirmed as creatinine remained within normal limits across groups. Partial economic analysis showed that the high-dose group achieved the highest net profit and benefit–cost ratio. These findings suggest that MBSE, particularly at 300 mg/kg body weight, is a safe and effective plant-based alternative to synthetic growth promoters for improving growth performance, physiological parameters and economic returns in WAD goats. Further studies are needed to confirm optimal dosage, mechanisms of action and long-term safety beyond the 12-week trial period.