Understanding Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: Etiology, Clinical Manifestations, and Treatment Approaches

Abstract

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is a common and complex hormonal condition that impacts a substantial number of women in their reproductive years. This review seeks to clarify the causes, symptoms, and treatment methods for PCOS. The cause of PCOS is multifactorial and includes a blend of hereditary, hormonal, and environmental elements. PCOS is clinically defined by irregular menstrual cycles, excessive levels of male hormones (hyperandrogenism), and the presence of many cysts on the ovaries. Additionally, it is associated with metabolic issues like insulin resistance and obesity. The diagnosis of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is generally determined using the Rotterdam criteria. These criteria necessitate the presence of at least two out of three crucial features: infrequent or absent ovulation, clinical or biochemical indications of excessive male hormone levels, and the development of many cysts on the ovaries. The treatment approaches for PCOS are varied and customised based on the specific symptoms and reproductive objectives of each individual. The treatment options encompass lifestyle adjustments, pharmaceutical therapies, and, in certain instances, surgical alternatives.