The epidemiology of avian influenza and its significance for public health

Abstract

Background: Avian influenza (AI) is a significant zoonotic disease that poses a major threat to global public health. It comes from animal reservoirs and primarily affects poultry, especially chickens and turkeys. This leads to economic losses and illnesses that can range from mild to severe. The virus spreads through fecal-oral transmission and aerosols, with respiratory transmission being the most common route for Low Pathogenicity Avian Influenza (LPAI) viruses. Objective: To describe the epidemiological aspects of avian influenza and emphasize its importance for public health. Results: Avian influenza viruses fall into two categories: Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) and Low Pathogenicity Avian Influenza (LPAI), based on their severity in poultry. HPAI viruses can cause serious respiratory illness, pneumonia, and high death rates in birds. They can also infect humans, leading to major health issues. We can diagnose AI infection through virus isolation in eggs or cell cultures, detection of viral proteins or nucleic acids, or by identifying AI virus antibodies. We can use antiviral medications, including adamantanes and neuraminidase inhibitors, to prevent and treat influenza infections. Conclusions: Avian influenza continues to be a significant concern for both animal and human health due to its potential to spread and its economic impact. To prevent and control AI outbreaks, especially HPAI incursions, we need effective surveillance, quick diagnosis, timely medical intervention, annual vaccination programs, supportive legislation, and emergency management systems.